Basis set (chemistry)

In modern computational chemistry, quantum chemical calculations are typically performed within a finite set of basis functions. In these cases, the wavefunctions under consideration are all represented as vectors, the components of which correspond to coefficients in a linear combination of the basis functions in the basis set used. The operators are then represented as matrices, (rank two tensors), in this finite basis. In this article, basis function and atomic orbital are sometimes used interchangeably, although it should be noted that these basis functions are usually not actually the exact atomic orbitals, even for the corresponding hydrogen-like atoms, due to approximations and simplifications of their analytic formulas.

Related Topics:
Computational chemistry - Quantum chemical - Basis function - Wavefunction - Vectors - Operators - Matrices - Tensors

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When molecular calculations are performed, it is common to use basis composed of a finite number of atomic orbitals, centered at each atomic nucleus within the molecule (linear combination of atomic orbitals ansatz). Initially, these atomic orbitals were typically Slater orbitals, which corresponded to a set of functions which decayed exponentially with distance from the nuclei. Later, it was realized that these Slater-type orbitals could in turn be approximated as linear combinations of Gaussian orbitals instead. Because it is easier to calculate overlap and other integrals with Gaussian basis functions, this led to a huge computational savings, (see John Pople).

Related Topics:
Atomic orbital - Linear combination of atomic orbitals - Ansatz - Slater orbitals - Gaussian orbital - John Pople

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Today, there are hundreds of basis sets composed of Gaussian-type orbitals, (GTOs). The smallest of these are called minimal basis sets, and they are typically composed of the minimum number of basis functions required to represent all of the electrons on each atom. The largest of these can contain literally dozens to hundreds of basis functions on each atom.

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The most common addition to minimal basis sets is probably the addition of polarization functions, denoted by an asterisk, *. Two asterisks, **, indicate that polarization functions are also added to light atoms, (hydrogen and helium). These are auxiliary functions with one additional node. For example, the only basis function located on a hydrogen atom in a minimal basis set would be a function approximating the 1s atomic orbital. When polarization is added to this basis set, a p-function is also added to the basis set. This adds some additional needed flexibility within the basis set, effectively allowing molecular orbitals involving the hydrogen atoms to be more asymmetric about the hydrogen nucleus. This is an important result when considering accurate representations of bonding between atoms, because the very presence of the bonded atom changes makes the energetic environment of the electrons spherically asymmetric. Similarly, d-type functions can be added to a basis set with valence p orbitals, and f-functions to a basis set with d-type orbitals, and so on. Another, more precise notation indicates exactly which and how many functions are added to the basis set, such as (p, d).

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Another common addition to basis sets is the addition of diffuse functions, denoted by a plus sign, +. Two plus signs indicate that diffuse functions are also added to light atoms, (hydrogen and helium). These are very shallow Gaussian basis functions, which more accurately represent the "tail" portion of the atomic orbitals, which are distant from the atomic nuclei. These additional basis functions can be important when considering anions and other large, "soft" molecular systems.

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