Baruch Spinoza

Benedictus de Spinoza (November 24, 1632 – February 21, 1677), was named Baruch Spinoza by his synagogue elders and known as Bento de Spinoza or Bento d'Espiñoza in his native Amsterdam. Along with René Descartes and Gottfried Leibniz, he was one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy. He is considered the founder of modern Biblical criticism. His magnum opus was the Ethics.

Bibliography

By Spinoza

• Short Treatise on God, Man and His Well-Being
• On the Improvement of the Understanding (1662) (Project Gutenberg Entry: http://gutenberg.net/etext/1016)
• Principles of Cartesian Philosophy (1663)
• Tractatus Theologico-Politicus (A Theologico-Political Treatise) (1670) (Project Gutenberg Entry: Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4)
• Ethica Ordine Geometrico Demonstrata (The Ethics) (1677) (Project Gutenberg Entry: http://gutenberg.net/etext/3800)
• Hebrew Grammar (1677)

About Spinoza

• Steven Nadler, Spinoza: A Life, Cambridge U. Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-55210-9
• Margaret Gullan-Whur, "`Within Reason: A Life of Spinoza". Jonathan Cape, 1998, ISBN 0-224-05046-X