Baronet
A baronet (traditional abbreviation Bart, modern abbreviation Bt) is the holder of a title, similar to a knighthood except that it is hereditary, known as a baronetcy. The title was introduced by James I of England in 1611 to raise funds. It is an hereditary honour, but it does not amount to a peerage. Note that the title of baronet should not be confused with a baron.
Related Topics:
Knighthood - James I of England - 1611 - Peerage - Baron
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The term baronet was first applied to the nobility who lost the right of individual summons to Parliament, and was used in this sense in a statute of Richard II.
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The revival of the Order can be dated to Sir Robert Cotton's discovery in the late sixteenth or early seventeenth century of William de la Pole's patent (issued in the 13th year of Edward III's reign), conferring upon him the dignity of a Baronet in return for a sum of money.
Related Topics:
Robert Cotton - William de la Pole - Patent - Edward III
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Baronetcies subsequently fall under one of the following five creations:
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- King James I erected the hereditary Order of Baronets in England on 22 May 1611, for the settlement of Ireland. He offered the dignity to 200 gentlemen of good birth, with a clear estate of 1,000 Pounds a year, on condition that each one should pay a sum equivalent to three years' pay to 30 soldiers at 8d per day per man into the King's Exchequer.
- The Baronetage of Ireland was erected on 30 September 1611.
- The Baronetage of Scotland or Nova Scotia was erected on 28 May 1625, for the establishment of the planation of Nova Scotia.
- After the union of England and Scotland in 1707 no further Baronets of England or Scotland were created, the style being changed to Baronet of Great Britain.
- With the union of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801, all Baronets subsequently created were under the style of the United Kingdom.
Baronets use the title "Sir" before their name (baronetesses use "Dame"), but whereas all other knighthoods apply to an individual only, a baronetcy is hereditary. The eldest son of a baronet who is born in wedlock is entitled to accede to the baronetcy upon the death of his father. With a few exceptions, baronetcies can only be inherited by, or inherited through, males. Wives of baronets are not considered baronetesses, only females holding baronetages in their own right are baronetesses.
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Originally Baronets also had other rights, including the right to have their eldest son knighted on his 21st birthday. However, beginning in the reign of George IV these rights have been gradually revoked, on the grounds that sovereigns should not be bound by acts made by their predecessors.
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Since 1965 only one new baronetcy has been created. This was for the late Sir Denis Thatcher, the husband of former Prime Minister (and now baroness) Margaret Thatcher. Upon his death in 2003, their eldest son became the 2nd Baronet, Sir Mark Thatcher.
Related Topics:
Denis Thatcher - Baroness - Margaret Thatcher - 2003 - Mark Thatcher
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Baronets were granted the Arms of Ulster as a canton or inescutcheon in armorial bearings, argent a sinister hand couped at the wrist and erect gules, known as the Badge of Ulster.
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Baronets of Scotland or Nova Scotia were granted the Arms of Nova Scotia in their armorial bearings and the right to wear about the neck the badge of Nova Scotia, suspended by an orange-tawny ribbon.
Related Topics:
Scotland - Nova Scotia
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This consists of an escutcheon argent with a saltire azure thereon, an ineschutcheon of the arms of Scotland, with an Imperial Crown above the escutcheon, and encircles with the motto Fax mentis Honestae Gloria. This Badge may be shown suspended by the ribbon below the shield of arms.
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Baronets of England and Ireland applied to Charles I for permission to wear a badge. Although a badge was worn in the 17th century, it was not until 1929 that King George V granted permission to all baronets other than those of Scotland to wear a Badge round their neck.
Related Topics:
England - Ireland - Charles I - 1929 - George V
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This was composed of the Arms of Ulster, on a silver field, a left hand gules, surmounted by an Imperial Crown, enamelled in proper colours, the whole enclosed by an oval border embossed with scroll work of (1) roses for baronets of England, (2) shamrocks for baronets of Ireland, (3) roses and thistles for baronets of Great Britain, and (4) roses, thistles and shamrocks combined for baronets of the United Kingdom. The badge to be suspended from an orange-tawny riband with a narrow edge of dark blue on both sides, the total breadth to be 1 and three-quarter inches, and the breadth of each to be a quarter inch. The Badge may be shown suspended by its riband below the shield of arms.
Related Topics:
Ulster - England - Ireland - Great Britain - United Kingdom
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Baronet is not a peerage title and does not disqualify the holder from standing for election to the British House of Commons. However since 1999 neither do hereditary peerages, so the distinction has become largely historical. A number of Baronets were returned to the House of Commons in the 2001 General Election. A full list of British Baronets can be found in the book Burke's Peerage and Baronetage.
Related Topics:
British House of Commons - 1999 - House of Commons - 2001 - General Election - Burke's Peerage and Baronetage
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To correctly style a baronet on an envelope, one should write, in the case of the composer Sir Edward Elgar, "Sir Edward Elgar, Bart." At the head of the letter, one would write: Dear Sir Edward , and to refer to him, you would use "Sir Edward" or "Sir Edward Elgar" , but not "Sir Elgar."
Related Topics:
Sir Edward Elgar - Sir George Young
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As for wives of baronets (who are not baronetesses), in the case of Sir Edward Elgar's wife, Alice, one should write "Lady Elgar." At the head of the letter, one would write "Dear Lady Elgar," and to refer to her, you would simply say "Lady Elgar," but unlike her husband, you would not say "Lady Alice," "Lady Alice Elgar," or "Lady Edward Elgar." She is simply "Lady Elgar," and in shorthand title there is no further way to specify her. To be more specific in who she is, one could call her "Alice, Lady Elgar," or "Lady Elgar, wife of Sir Edward."
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As for the very rare baronetess, one should write "Dame Daisy Dunbar, Btss." At the head of the letter, one would write "Dear Dame Daisy," and to refer to her, you would say "Dame Daisy" or "Dame Daisy Dunbar," but not "Dame Dunbar." There have only been three baronetesses in history: Dame Daisy Dunbar, 8th Btss (1906-1997); Dame Mary Bolles, 1st Btss (1579-1662; the only ever woman created a baronetess); and Eleanor Dalyell, 10th Btss (1895-1972)
Related Topics:
1906 - 1997 - 1579 - 1662 - 1895 - 1972
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~ Table of Content ~
| ► | Introduction |
| ► | Notable baronets |
| ► | See also |
| ► | References |
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June 17, 1867: Lister Cuts Clean, Saves Lives
1867: British surgeon Joseph Lister performs the first surgery under antiseptic conditions. Death rates would plummet, but you should still be thankful you were born in the 20th century and not the 19th. Lister was raised in a Quaker family and attended University College, London, because Britain's other universities required an oath of loyalty to the queen and the Church of England. While an assistant surgeon at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary in Scotland, he befriended his boss and married the boss's daughter, Agnes Syme. As the daughter and wife of surgeons, she knew plenty about the subject and became a lifelong associate in her husband's research. Surgery at the time was a pretty dangerous affair. Anesthesia had been introduced in the preceding decades, so patients were more comfortable during their operations and amputations. But post-surgical death rates ran 40 to 50 percent because of infection from "hospitalism," or "hospital disease," infections like septicemia. Hospitals were notoriously unclean, but scientists were just beginning to make the connection between hygiene and infection. Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis had discovered by 1847 that the simple act of obstetricians washing their hands in a chlorine solution could cut deaths from childbed fever from 10 percent to less than 2 percent. But revolution, political unrest and hostile opposition from the medical establishment prevented widespread knowledge and adoption of the lifesaving practice. Lister had not heard of Semmelweis. Lister became surgeon at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary in 1861 and immediately tried to do something about the high surgical mortality rate. With gangrene and other festering infections, surgical recovery wards certainly smelled bad enough, but Lister discarded the prevalent notion that "bad air" caused the infections. He theorized that a "pollen-like dust" might be settling in the wounds. Then he read Louis Pasteur's 1865 report that living microorganisms cause matter to ferment and eventually rot. Lister saw how Pasteur's research connected to his own work. Microbes cause matter to putrefy. Wounds smell of putrefaction. Perhaps keeping the microbes off the wounds could prevent the deadly hospital infections. Lister had also read how authorities in Carlisle, England, were using carbolic acid (phenol) to treat smelly sewage. That not only reduced the odor but reduced disease among both cattle and humans. Bingo! If you're a genius. Or maybe just a solid scientist and dedicated physician in the right place at the right time. Lister was clearly the latter and perhaps the former, too. Why not treat wounds with dilute phenol? Why not clean surgical instruments with dilute phenol? Why not even spray a phenol aerosol into the air of the operating theater? Lister experimented on amputation patients at his hospital starting in 1865. Meeting with success, he widened the use to the setting of compound fractures, where a bone breaks through the skin with concomitant high risk of infection. By 1867, he performed a full surgical procedure. Lister reported on his successes in 1867 in letters and two important scientific papers in The Lancet, "On a New Method of Treating Compound Fractures, Abscesses, Etc., With Observations on the Conditions of Suppuration" and "On the Antiseptic Principle in the Practice of Surgery." His 1867 reports acknowledged both Pasteur and the Carlisle work. Lister reported that his surgical wards had remained free of sepsis for nine months. Between 1864 and 1866, Lister lost 46 percent of his surgical patients. From 1867 to 1870, he lost "only" 15 percent. By 1877, he'd dropped the death rate to 5 percent. Lister's antiseptic practices met some resistance at first, but their success argued volumes, and they soon caught on wherever modern medicine was practiced. Queen Victoria made Lister a baronet in 1883 and elevated him to the peerage as Baron Lister of Lyme Regis in 1897. He was also one of the dozen original members of Britain's Order of Merit. Further honors include having both a pathogenic-bacterial genus (Listeria) and an antiseptic mouthwash (Listerine) named after him. When King Edward VII came down with appendicitis two days before his planned coronation in 1902, the royal doctors consulted Lister before performing surgery. The king survived, and was crowned six weeks later. Edward VII later thanked Lister: "I know that if it had not been for you and your work, I wouldn't be sitting here today." And perhaps you or I could say the same thing. Source: Various
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