Bahrain

The Kingdom of Bahrain, or Bahrain (formerly spelled Bahrein), (Arabic: ????? ???????) is a borderless island nation in the Persian Gulf (Southwest Asia/Middle East, Asia). Saudi Arabia is to the west and is connected to Bahrain by the King Fahd Causeway, and Qatar is to the south across the Persian Gulf. The Qatar?Bahrain Friendship Bridge, currently in planning, will link Bahrain to Qatar as the longest fixed link in the world.

History

Main article: History of Bahrain

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Bahrain has been populated by humans since prehistoric times. Its strategic location in the Persian Gulf has brought rule and influence from the Assyrians, Babylonians, Greeks, Persians, and finally the Arabs, under whom the island became Muslim. Bahrain was in the ancient times known as Dilmun, Tylos (its Greek Given name), Awal, as well as Persian name Mishmahig when it came under of the imperial rule of the Persian Empire.

Related Topics:
Persian Gulf - Assyrians - Babylonian - Greeks - Persians - Arabs - Muslim - Dilmun - Tylos - Persian - Mishmahig - Persian Empire

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The islands of Bahrain, positioned in the middle south of the Persian Gulf, have attracted the attention of many invaders in history. Bahrain, meaning "Two Seas" refers to the fact that the islands contain the two sources of water, sweet water springs and salty water in the surrounding seas.

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A strategic position between East and West, fertile lands, fresh water, and pearl diving made Bahrain a centre of urban settlement throughout history. Some 2300 years BC, Bahrain became a centre of one of the ancient empires trading Mesopotamia (now Iraq) and the Indus Valley (now the region near India). This was the civilization of Delmon that was linked to the Sumerian Civilization in the third millennium BC. Bahrain also became part of the Babylon empire about 600 BC. Historical records referred to Bahrain the "Life of Eternity", "Paradise", etc. Bahrain was also called the "Pearl of the Persian Gulf".

Related Topics:
Urban - Mesopotamia - Iraq - Indus Valley

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Bahrain up until 1521 comprised the bigger region of Ahsa, Qatif (both are now the eastern province of Saudi Arabia) as well as Awal (now Bahrain Islands). The region stretched from what is now Kuwait to Oman. This was Iqlim Al-Bahrain (Province of Bahrain). In 1521, the Portuguese separated Awal (now Bahrain) from the rest and since then the name of Bahrain specifically referred to today's Bahrain.

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The modern history of Bahrain begins with the British providing support to the Al-Khalifa family in the late 18th Century, in order to liberate the Arab islands from Iran. The British gained free access to the Persian Gulf through this relationship.

Related Topics:
Al-Khalifa - Iran - Persian Gulf

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Despite Bahrain's Arab identity, Iran continued to pursue irredentist claims into the 20th Century. In November of 1957, the Iranian parliament unilaterally decreed Bahrain as the Fourteenth Province of Iran.

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Oil was discovered in the early 20th century and brought rapid modernization and improvements to Bahrain. It also made relations with Britain closer, and this was evidenced by the British moving more bases to the island nation. British influence would continue to grow as the country developed, culminating with the appointment of Charles Belgrave as an advisor; Belgrave established modern education systems in Bahrain.

Related Topics:
20th century - Charles Belgrave

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After World War II, increasing anti-British feeling spread throughout the Arab world and led to riots in Bahrain. In the 1960s, Britain put Bahrain's future to international arbitration and requested the United Nations General Secretary to take on this responsibility. In a Plebiscite to decide the country's future, the majority of the population of Bahrain chose to reject Iran's claims, and to define themselves, as well as their culture as Arabic, and not Persian.

Related Topics:
World War II - Plebiscite

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The British withdrew from Bahrain in 1971, making it an independent emirate. The oil boom of the 1980s greatly benefitted Bahrain, but its downturn was not as badly felt, and the economy was forced to diversify.

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After 1979, Iran sought to export its revolution to the region, and in 1981 orchestrated a failed coup attempt under the auspices of a front organisation, the Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain. The coup would have installed an Iranian based cleric, Hojjat ol-Eslam Hadi al-Modarresi, as supreme leader heading a theocratic government.

Related Topics:
Failed coup - Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain - Hadi al-Modarresi - Theocratic government

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In 1994, a wave of rioting by disaffected Shia Islamists was touched off after women athletes participated in a marathon race. The Kingdom was badly affected by sporadic violence during the mid-1990s in which over forty people were killed.

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In 1999, Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa succeeded his father as head of state and instituted elections for parliament, gave women the vote and released all political prisoners.

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