Alchemy

Alchemy is an early protoscientific practice combining elements of chemistry, physics, astrology, art, semiotics, metallurgy, medicine, and mysticism. These practices were usually used outside of what is now known as the scientific method, however, alchemy can be regarded as the precursor of the modern science of chemistry prior to the formulation of the scientific method.

References

• Augustine (1963). The Confessions. Trans. Rex Warner. New York: Mentor Books.
• Burckhardt, Titus (1967). Alchemy: Science of the Cosmos, Science of the Soul. Trans. William Stoddart. Baltimore: Penguin.
• Debus, Allen G. and Multhauf, Robert P. (1966). Alchemy and Chemistry in the Seventeenth Century. Los Angeles: William Andrews Clark Memorial Library, University of California.
• Edwardes, Michael (1977). The Dark Side of History. New York: Stein and Day.
• Gettings, Fred (1986). Encyclopedia of the Occult. London: Rider.
• Hitchcock, Ethan Allen (1857). Remarks Upon Alchemy and the Alchemists. Boston: Crosby, Nichols.
• Hollister, C. Warren (1990). Medieval Europe: A Short History. 6th ed. Blacklick, Ohio: McGraw-Hill College.
• Lindsay, Jack (1970). The Origins of Alchemy in Graeco-Roman Egypt. London: Muller.
• Marius (1976). On the Elements. Trans. Richard Dales. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Norton, Thomas (Ed. John Reidy) (1975). Ordinal of Alchemy. London: Early English Text Society.
• Pilkington, Roger (1959). Robert Boyle: Father of Chemistry. London: John Murray.
• Weaver, Jefferson Hane (1987). The World of Physics New York: Simon & Schuster.
• Wilson, Colin (1971). The Occult: A History. New York: Random House.
• Zumdahl, Steven S. (1989). Chemistry. 2nd ed. Lexington, Maryland: D. C. Heath and Co.
• Greenberg, Adele Droblas (2000) Chemical History Tour, Picturing Chemistry from Alchemy to Modern Molecular Science Wiley-Interscience ISBN 0471354082